Draw detailed contrast between two accounts of Darwin’s killing of the fox, which you have read

Although they describe the same incident, these two texts differ not only in points of style and detail but also in terms of their respective authors' intentions. Charles Darwin, the eminent Victorian naturalist, describes his killing of the fox in his journal, which was probably aimed at a well educated audience including fellow scientists. Gitings's poem contains much more evocative language and imagery because the poet writes from a different perspective. Charles Darwin's â€Å"Voyage of the Beagle† is written as a prose text and is factual, formal, and written like a journal. In his passage he uses words like â€Å"theodolite† and â€Å"species† which suggests that the passage was aimed at a well educated audience partially his fellow scientists, as other people back then were less intelligent and wouldn't have known what those words meant. Another clue to suggest that it is meant for scientists is the use of the in parenthesis of â€Å"Canis fulvipes† which is the Latin term for a fox. Darwin's work was very important to him so in his journal he uses litotes like â€Å"knock† to make the killing of the fox sound less brutal, which helps keep the scientists on his side by not portraying him as a savage silent murderer, it also hides his embarrassment about killing the fox. His passage contains some irony as his work is based on the survival of the fittest and evolution, but when he kills the fox with his geological hammer it shows that he is only the fittest because he is armed with a weapon. But in the whole passage about the fox it contains a lot of ambivalence, as he wants to boast about how he was able to sneak up on the fox and kill it without it knowing, and about his new scientific find but he then uses words like â€Å"knock† to make it seem like he is not boasting. However Gitings's poem differs in many ways. Firstly it is a poem written in rhyming couplets with a lyrical flowing feel to it. He first begins off describing how the colour of the magnificent fox stands out from the craggy rocks of the island and then does out to personalise that fox by using â€Å"his†. For example â€Å"Round his haunches the brush curled†. This makes the audience feel for the animal like a human being rather than an animal. Throughout the beginning of the poem Gitings uses soft sounds like â€Å"se† sound in â€Å"ease† and â€Å"geese† to make the fox sound more innocent but when the humans arrive on the island he begins to use harsher sounds like â€Å"out† in â€Å"shout† to make the humans seem out of place and savage. At the beginning he also uses † The spear flight of a wedge of geese† symbolically, as to warn the reader of what is going to happen to the fox. Again later Gitings personalises the fox by describing the theodolite as â€Å"three-legged to their two†, this makes you see the humans and their equipment through the fox's point of view and make it simple like the fox would see it. Then when he gets to the point where Darwin kills the fox he uses â€Å"hiss† as a connotation which adds to the danger effect because hiss is generally associated with snakes. He describes the fox's eyes as â€Å"glazed to eternity because later when the real eyes have rotted away, it would be replaced with artificial eyes and then the fox would be stuffed and left in a museum, this makes you feel for the fox and makes you hate Darwin even more. Then to make us hate Darwin more he adds the line â€Å"And Mr Darwin, with a cough/ Scoops up the body and makes off† which shows us that Darwin doesn't care and that the fox is just another specimen for his theory ,and to show this he then uses the line â€Å"the fine mesh of his theory † which is a metaphor of â€Å"the animal trapped in the mesh† Just like the other poem this one contains irony as well :- Somehow will prove this nature's plan Selected by his larger skull To crack the other pitiful And far away the whole affair These four lines are meant to ridicule Darwin's theory of evolution as humans are only more dominant that other animals because of out technology which was fuelled by our thirst for knowledge. Yet Breeding all dilemma there. The animals of science have Invaded life. The wise and brave Are nothing or corrupted. Now The mushroom cloud begins to grow In these lines and the whole poem Gitings sees the killing of the fox as a poignant symbol for the future, because in the five lines above he explains how the human thirst for knowledge will lead us to destruction. He uses the A-bomb as an example; â€Å"the mushroom cloud begins to grow† because that is one of the dreadful things that humans have created because of knowledge. Both texts are different in many ways even though that talk about the same incident that happened. Darwin saw the incident as a triumph for mankind but Gitings saw it as the undoing of mankind so he uses everything he could to criticise Darwin and the killing of the fox. Connotation, metaphor, litotes, genre, prose text or poem text and even personification were many of the things that differed between the two poems.

The Twilight Saga 5: Midnight Sun 1. First Sight

This was the time of day when I wished I were able to sleep. High school. Or was purgatory the right word? If there was any way to atone for my sins, this ought to count toward the tally in some measure. The tedium was not something I grew used to; every day seemed more impossibly monotonous than the last. I suppose this was my form of sleep – if sleep was defined as the inert state between active periods. I stared at the cracks running through the plaster in the far corner of the cafeteria, imagining patterns into them that were not there. It was one way to tune out the voices that babbled like the gush of a river inside my head. Several hundred of these voices I ignored out of boredom. When it came to the human mind, I'd heard it all before and then some. Today, all thoughts were consumed with the trivial drama of a new addition to the small student body here. It took so little to work them all up. I'd seen the new face repeated in thought after thought from every angle. Just an ordinary human girl. The excitement over her arrival was tiresomely predictable – like flashing a shiny object at a child. Half the sheep-like males were already imagining themselves in love with her, just because she was something new to look at. I tried harder to tune them out. Only four voices did I block out of courtesy rather than distaste: my family, my two brothers and two sisters, who were so used to the lack of privacy in my presence that they rarely gave it a thought. I gave them what privacy I could. I tried not to listen if I could help it. Try as I may, still†¦I knew. Rosalie was thinking, as usual, about herself. She'd caught sight of her profile in the reflection off someone's glasses, and she was mulling over her own perfection. Rosalie's mind was a shallow pool with few surprises. Emmett was fuming over a wrestling match he'd lost to Jasper during the night. It would take all his limited patience to make it to the end of the school day to orchestrate a rematch. I never really felt intrusive hearing Emmett's thoughts, because he never thought one thing that he would not say aloud or put into action. Perhaps I only felt guilty reading the others' minds because I knew there were things there that they wouldn't want me to know. If Rosalie's mind was a shallow pool, then Emmett's was a lake with no shadows, glass clear. And Jasper was†¦suffering. I suppressed a sigh. Edward. Alice called my name in her head, and had my attention at once. It was just the same as having my name called aloud. I was glad my given name had fallen out of style lately – it had been annoying; anytime anyone thought of any Edward, my head would turn automatically†¦ My head didn't turn now. Alice and I were good at these private conversations. It was rare that anyone caught us. I kept my eyes on the lines in the plaster. How is he holding up? she asked me. I frowned, just a small change in the set of my mouth. Nothing that would tip the others off. I could easily be frowning out of boredom. Alice's mental tone was alarmed now, and I saw in her mind that she was watching Jasper in her peripheral vision. Is there any danger? She searched ahead, into the immediate future, skimming through visions of monotony for the source behind my frown. I turned my head slowly to the left, as if looking at the bricks of the wall, sighed, and then to the right, back to the cracks in the ceiling. Only Alice knew I was shaking my head. She relaxed. Let me know if it gets too bad. I moved only my eyes, up to the ceiling above, and back down. Thanks for doing this. I was glad I couldn't answer her aloud. What would I say? ‘My pleasure'? It was hardly that. I didn't enjoy listening to Jasper's struggles. Was it really necessary to experiment like this? Wouldn't the safer path be to just admit that he might never be able to handle the thirst the way the rest of us could, and not push his limits? Why flirt with disaster? It had been two weeks since our last hunting trip. That was not an immensely difficult time span for the rest of us. A little uncomfortable occasionally – if a human walked too close, if the wind blew the wrong way. But humans rarely walked too close. Their instincts told them what their conscious minds would never understand: we were dangerous. Jasper was very dangerous right now. At that moment, a small girl paused at the end of the closest table to ours,stopping to talk to a friend. She tossed her short, sandy hair, running her fingers throughit. The heaters blew her scent in our direction. I was used to the way that scent made mefeel – the dry ache in my throat, the hollow yearn in my stomach, the automatictightening of my muscles, the excess flow of venom in my mouth†¦ This was all quite normal, usually easy to ignore. It was harder just now, with thefeelings stronger, doubled, as I monitored Jasper's reaction. Twin thirsts, rather than justmine. Jasper was letting his imagination get away from him. He was picturing it – picturing himself getting up from his seat next to Alice and going to stand beside the littlegirl. Thinking of leaning down and in, as if he were going to whisper in her ear, andletting his lips touch the arch of her throat. Imagining how the hot flow of her pulsebeneath the fine skin would feel under his mouth†¦ I kicked his chair. He met my gaze for a minute, and then looked down. I could hear shame andrebellion war in his head. â€Å"Sorry,† Jasper muttered. I shrugged. â€Å"You weren't going to do anything,† Alice murmured to him, soothing hischagrin. â€Å"I could see that.† I fought back the grimace that would give her lie away. We had to stick together,Alice and I. It wasn't easy, hearing voices or seeing visions of the future. Both freaksamong those who were already freaks. We protected each other's secrets. â€Å"It helps a little if you think of them as people,† Alice suggested, her high,musical voice too fast for human ears to understand, if any had been close enough tohear. â€Å"Her name is Whitney. She has a baby sister she adores. Her mother invited Esmeto that garden party, do you remember?† â€Å"I know who she is,† Jasper said curtly. He turned away to stare out one of thesmall windows that were spaced just under the eaves around the long room. His toneended the conversation. He would have to hunt tonight. It was ridiculous to take risks like this, trying totest his strength, to build his endurance. Jasper should just accept his limitations andwork within them. His former habits were not conducive to our chosen lifestyle; heshouldn't push himself in this way. Alice sighed silently and stood, taking her tray of food – her prop, as it were – with her and leaving him alone. She knew when he'd had enough of her encouragement.Though Rosalie and Emmett were more flagrant about their relationship, it was Alice andJasper who knew each other's every mood as well as their own. As if they could readminds, too – only just each other's. Edward Cullen. Reflex reaction. I turned to the sound of my name being called, though it wasn'tbeing called, just thought. My eyes locked for a small portion of a second with a pair of wide, chocolatebrownhuman eyes set in a pale, heart-shaped face. I knew the face, though I'd neverseen it myself before this moment. It had been foremost in every human head today. Thenew student, Isabella Swan. Daughter of the town's chief of police, brought to live hereby some new custody situation. Bella. She'd corrected everyone who'd used her fullname†¦ I looked away, bored. It took me a second to realize that she had not been the oneto think my name. Of course she's already crushing on the Cullens, I heard the first thoughtcontinue. Now I recognized the voice.' Jessica Stanley – it had been a while since she'dbothered me with her internal chatter. What a relief it had been when she'd gotten overher misplaced infatuation. It used to be nearly impossible to escape her constant,ridiculous daydreams. I'd wished, at the time, that I could explain to her exactly whatwould have happened if my lips, and the teeth behind them, had gotten anywhere nearher. That would have silenced those annoying fantasies. The thought of her reactionalmost made me smile. Fat lot of good it will do her, Jessica went on. She's really not even pretty. Idon't know why Eric is staring so much†¦or Mike. She winced mentally on the last name. Her new infatuation, the genericallypopular Mike Newton, was completely oblivious to her. Apparently, he was not asoblivious to the new girl. Like the child with the shiny object again. This put a meanedge to Jessica's thoughts, though she was outwardly cordial to the newcomer as sheexplained to her the commonly held knowledge about my family. The new student musthave asked about us. Everyone's looking at me today, too, Jessica thought smugly in an aside. Isn't itlucky Bella had two classes with me†¦I'll bet Mike will want to ask me what she's – I tried to block the inane chatter out of my head before the petty and the trivialcould drive me mad. â€Å"Jessica Stanley is giving the new Swan girl all the dirty laundry on the Cullenclan,† I murmured to Emmett as a distraction. He chuckled under his breath. I hope she's making it good, he thought. â€Å"Rather unimaginative, actually. Just the barest hint of scandal. Not an ounce ofhorror. I'm a little disappointed.† And the new girl? Is she disappointed in the gossip as well? I listened to hear what this new girl, Bella, thought of Jessica's story. What didshe see when she looked at the strange, chalky-skinned family that was universallyavoided? It was sort of my responsibility to know her reaction. I acted as a lookout, forlack of a better word, for my family. To protect us. If anyone ever grew suspicious, Icould give us early warning and an easy retreat. It happened occasionally – some humanwith an active imagination would see in us the characters of a book or a movie. Usuallythey got it wrong, but it was better to move on somewhere new than to risk scrutiny. Very, very rarely, someone would guess right. We didn't give them a chance to test theirhypothesis. We simply disappeared, to become no more than a frightening memory†¦I heard nothing, though I listened close beside where Jessica's frivolous internalmonologue continued to gush. It was as if there was no one sitting beside her. Howpeculiar, had the girl moved? That didn't seem likely, as Jessica was still babbling to her.I looked up to check, feeling off-balance. Checking on what my extra hearing' could tellme – it wasn't something I ever had to do. Again, my gaze locked on those same wide brown eyes. She was sitting rightwhere she had been before, and looking at us, a natural thing to be doing, I supposed, asJessica was still regaling her with the local gossip about the Cullens.Thinking about us, too, would be natural. But I couldn't hear a whisper. Inviting warm red stained her cheeks as she looked down, away from theembarrassing gaffe of getting caught staring at a stranger. It was good that Jasper wasstill gazing out the window. I didn't like to imagine what that easy pooling of bloodwould do to his control. The emotions had been as clear on her face as if they were spelled out in wordsacross her forehead: surprise, as she unknowingly absorbed the signs of the subtledifferences between her kind and mine, curiosity, as she listened to Jessica's tale, andsomething more†¦fascination? It wouldn't be the first time. We were beautiful to them,our intended prey. Then, finally, embarrassment as I caught her staring at me. And yet, though her thoughts had been so clear in her odd eyes – odd, because ofthe depth to them; brown eyes often seemed flat in their darkness – I could hear nothingbut silence from the place she was sitting. Nothing at all. I felt a moment of unease. This was nothing I'd ever encountered before. Was there something wrong withme? I felt exactly the same as I always did. Worried, I listened harder.All the voices I'd been blocking were suddenly shouting in my head†¦.wonder what music she likes†¦maybe I could mention that new CD†¦ MikeNewton was thinking, two tables away – fixated on Bella Swan. Look at him staring at her. Isn't it enough that he has half the girls in schoolwaiting for him to†¦ Eric Yorkie was thinking sulfurous thoughts, also revolving aroundthe girl. †¦so disgusting. You'd think she was famous or something†¦ Even Edward Cullen, staring†¦ Lauren Mallory was so jealous that her face, by all rights, should be dark jade in color. And Jessica, flaunting her new best friend. What a joke†¦ Vitriol continued to spew from the girl's thoughts. †¦I bet everyone has asked her that. But I'd like to talk to her. I'll think of a more original question†¦ Ashley Dowling mused. †¦maybe she'll be in my Spanish†¦ June Richardson hoped. †¦tons left to do tonight! Trig, and the English test. I hope my mom†¦ Angela Weber, a quiet girl, whose thoughts were unusually kind, was the only one at the table who wasn't obsessed with this Bella. I could hear them all, hear every insignificant thing they were thinking as it passed through their minds. But nothing at all from the new student with the deceptively communicative eyes. And, of course, I could hear what the girl said when she spoke to Jessica. I didn't have to read minds to be able to hear her low, clear voice on the far side of the long room. â€Å"Which one is the boy with the reddish brown hair?† I heard her ask, sneaking a look at me from the corner of her eye, only to look quickly away when she saw that I was still staring. If I'd had time to hope that hearing the sound of her voice would help me pinpoint the tone of her thoughts, lost somewhere where I couldn't access them, I was instantly disappointed. Usually, people's thoughts came to them in a similar pitch as their physical voices. But this quiet, shy voice was unfamiliar, not one of the hundreds of thoughts bouncing around the room, I was sure of that. Entirely new. Oh, good luck, idiot! Jessica thought before answering the girl's question. â€Å"That's Edward. He's gorgeous, of course, but don't waste your time. He doesn't date. Apparently none of the girls here are good-looking enough for him.† She sniffed. I turned my head away to hide my smile. Jessica and her classmates had no idea how lucky they were that none of them particularly appealed to me. Beneath the transient humor, I felt a strange impulse, one I did not clearly understand. It had something to do with the vicious edge to Jessica's thoughts that the new girl was unaware of†¦ I felt the strangest urge to step in between them, to shield this Bella Swan from the darker workings of Jessica's mind. What an odd thing to feel. Trying to ferret out the motivations behind the impulse, I examined the new girl one more time. Perhaps it was just some long buried protective instinct – the strong for the weak. This girl looked more fragile than her new classmates. Her skin was so translucent it was hard to believe it offered her much defense from the outside world. I could see the rhythmic pulse of blood through her veins under the clear, pale membrane†¦ But I should not concentrate on that. I was good at this life I'd chosen, but I was just as thirsty as Jasper and there was no point in inviting temptation. There was a faint crease between her eyebrows that she seemed unaware of. It was unbelievable frustrating! I could clearly see that it was a strain for her to sit there, to make conversation with strangers, to be the center of attention. I could sense her shyness from the way she held her frail-looking shoulders, slightly hunched, as if she was expecting a rebuff at any moment. And yet I could only sense, could only see, could only imagine. There was nothing but silence from the very unexceptional human girl. I could hear nothing. Why? â€Å"Shall we?† Rosalie murmured, interrupting my focus. I looked away from the girl with a sense of relief. I didn't want to continue to fail at this – it irritated me. And I didn't want to develop any interest in her hidden thoughts simply because they were hidden from me. No doubt, when I did decipher her thoughts – and I would find a way to do so – they would be just as petty and trivial as any human's thoughts. Not worth the effort I would expend to reach them. â€Å"So, is the new one afraid of us yet?† Emmett asked, still waiting for my response to his question before. I shrugged. He wasn't interested enough to press for a more information. Nor should I be interested. We got up from the table and walked out of the cafeteria. Emmett, Rosalie, and Jasper were pretending to be seniors; they left for their classes. I was playing a younger role than they. I headed off for my junior level biology class, preparing my mind for the tedium. It was doubtful Mr. Banner, a man of no more than average intellect, would manage to pull out anything in his lecture that would surprise someone holding two graduate degrees in medicine. In the classroom, I settled into my chair and let my books – props, again; they held nothing I didn't already know – spill across the table. I was the only student who had a table to himself. The humans weren't smart enough to know that they feared me, but their survival instincts were enough to keep them away. The room slowly filled as they trickled in from lunch. I leaned back in my chair and waited for the time to pass. Again, I wished I was able to sleep. Because I'd been thinking about her, when Angela Weber escorted the new girl through the door, her name intruded on my attention. Bella seems just as shy as me. I'll bet today is really hard for her. I wish I could say something†¦but it would probably just sound stupid†¦ Yes! Mike Newton thought, turning in his seat to watch the girls enter. Still, from the place where Bella Swan stood, nothing. The empty space where her thoughts should be irritated and unnerved me. She came closer, walking down the aisle beside me to get to the teacher's desk. Poor girl; the seat next to me was the only one available. Automatically, I cleared what would be her side of the desk, shoving my books into a pile. I doubted she would feel very comfortable there. She was in for a long semester – in this class, at least. Perhaps, though, sitting beside her, I'd be able to flush out her secrets†¦not that I'd ever needed close proximity before†¦not that I would find anything worth listening to†¦ Bella Swan walked into the flow of the heated air that blew toward me from the vent. Her scent hit me like wrecking ball, like a battering ram. There was no image violent enough to encapsulate the force of what happened to me in that moment. In that instant, I was nothing close to the human I'd once been; no trace of the shreds of humanity I'd managed to cloak myself in remained. I was a predator. She was my prey. There was nothing else in the whole world but that truth. There was no room full of witnesses – they were already collateral damage in my head. The mystery of her thoughts was forgotten. Her thoughts meant nothing, for she would not go on thinking them much longer. I was a vampire, and she had the sweetest blood I'd smelled in eighty years. I hadn't imagined such a scent could exist. If I'd known it did, I would have gone searching for it long ago. I would have combed the planet for her. I could imagine the taste†¦ Thirst burned through my throat like fire. My mouth was baked and desiccated. The fresh flow of venom did nothing to dispel that sensation. My stomach twisted with the hunger that was an echo of the thirst. My muscles coiled to spring. Not a full second had passed. She was still taking the same step that had put her downwind from me. As her foot touched the ground, her eyes slid toward me, a movement she clearly meant to be stealthy. Her glance met mine, and I saw myself reflected in the wide mirror of her eyes. The shock of the face I saw there saved her life for a few thorny moments. She didn't make it easier. When she processed the expression on my face, blood flooded her cheeks again, turning her skin the most delicious color I'd ever seen. The scent was a thick haze in my brain. I could barely think through it. My thoughts raged, resisting control, incoherent. She walked more quickly now, as if she understood the need to escape. Her haste made her clumsy – she tripped and stumbled forward, almost falling into the girl seated in front of me. Vulnerable, weak. Even more than usual for a human. I tried to focus on the face I'd seen in her eyes, a face I recognized with revulsion. The face of the monster in me – the face I'd beaten back with decades of effort and uncompromising discipline. How easily it sprang to the surface now! The scent swirled around me again, scattering my thoughts and nearly propelling me out of my seat. My hand gripped under the edge of the table as I tried to hold myself in my chair. The wood was not up to the task. My hand crushed through the strut and came away with a palmful of splintered pulp, leaving the shape of my fingers carved into the remaining wood. Destroy evidence. That was a fundamental rule. I quickly pulverized the edges of the shape with my fingertips, leaving nothing but a ragged hole and a pile of shavings on the floor, which I scattered with my foot. Destroy evidence. Collateral damage†¦. I knew what had to happen now. The girl would have to come sit beside me, and I would have to kill her. The innocent bystanders in this classroom, eighteen other children and one man, could not be allowed to leave this room, having seen what they would soon see. I flinched at the thought of what I must do. Even at my very worst, I had never committed this kind of atrocity. I had never killed innocents, not in over eight decades. And now I planned to slaughter twenty of them at once. The face of the monster in the mirror mocked me. Even as part of me shuddered away from the monster, another part was planning it. If I killed the girl first, I would have only fifteen or twenty seconds with her before the humans in the room would react. Maybe a little bit longer, if at first they did not realize what I was doing. She would not have time to scream or feel pain; I would not kill her cruelly. That much I could give this stranger with her horribly desirable blood. But then I would have to stop them from escaping. I wouldn't have to worry about the windows, too high up and small to provide an escape for anyone. Just the door – block that and they were trapped. It would be slower and more difficult, trying to take them all down when they were panicked and scrambling, moving in chaos. Not impossible, but there would be much more noise. Time for lots of screaming. Someone would hear†¦and I'd be forced to kill even more innocents in this black hour. And her blood would cool, while I murdered the others. The scent punished me, closing my throat with dry aching†¦ So the witnesses first then. I mapped it out in my head. I was in the middle of the room, the furthest row in the back. I would take my right side first. I could snap four or five of their necks per second, I estimated. It would not be noisy. The right side would be the lucky side; they would not see me coming. Moving around the front and back up the left side, it would take me, at most, five seconds to end every life in this room. Long enough for Bella Swan to see, briefly, what was coming for her. Long enough for her to feel fear. Long enough, maybe, if shock didn't freeze her in place, for her to work up a scream. One soft scream that would not bring anyone running. I took a deep breath, and the scent was a fire that raced through my dry veins, burning out from my chest to consume every better impulse that I was capable of. She was just turning now. In a few seconds, she would sit down inches away from me. The monster in my head smiled in anticipation. Someone slammed shut a folder on my left. I didn't look up to see which of the doomed humans it was. But the motion sent a wave of ordinary, unscented air wafting across my face. For one short second, I was able to think clearly. In that precious second, I saw two faces in my head, side by side. One was mine, or rather had been: the red-eyed monster that had killed so many people that I'd stop counting their numbers. Rationalized, justified murders. A killer of killers, a killer of other, less powerful monsters. It was a god complex, I acknowledged that – deciding who deserved a death sentence. It was a compromise with myself. I had fed on human blood, but only by the loosest definition. My victims were, in their various dark pastimes, barely more human than I was. The other face was Carlisle's. There was no resemblance between the two faces. They were bright day and blackest night. There was no reason for there to be a resemblance. Carlisle was not my father in the basic biological sense. We shared no common features. The similarity in our coloring was a product of what we were; every vampire had the same ice pale skin. The similarity in the color of our eyes was another matter – a reflection of a mutual choice. And yet, though there was no basis for a resemblance, I'd imagined that my face had begun to reflect his, to an extent, in the last seventy-odd years that I had embraced his choice and followed in his steps. My features had not changed, but it seemed to me like some of his wisdom had marked my expression, that a little of his compassion could be traced in the shape of my mouth, and hints of his patience were evident on my brow. All those tiny improvements were lost in the face of the monster. In a few moments, there would be nothing left in me that would reflect the years I'd spent with my creator, my mentor, my father in all the ways that counted. My eyes would glow red as a devil's; all likeness would be lost forever. In my head, Carlisle's kind eyes did not judge me. I knew that he would forgive me for this horrible act that I would do. Because he loved me. Because he thought I was better than I was. And he would still love me, even as I now proved him wrong. Bella Swan sat down in the chair next to me, her movements stiff and awkward – with fear? – and the scent of her blood bloomed in an inexorable cloud around me. I would prove my father wrong about me. The misery of this fact hurt almost as much as the fire in my throat. I leaned away from her in revulsion – revolted by the monster aching to take her. Why did she have to come here? Why did she have to exist? Why did she have to ruin the little peace I had in this non-life of mine? Why had this aggravating human ever been born? She would ruin me. I turned my face away from her, as a sudden fierce, unreasoning hatred washed through me. Who was this creature? Why me, why now? Why did I have to lose everything just because she happened to choose this unlikely town to appear in? Why had she come here! I didn't want to be the monster! I didn't want to kill this room full of harmless children! I didn't want to lose everything I'd gained in a lifetime of sacrifice and denial! I wouldn't. She couldn't make me. The scent was the problem, the hideously appealing scent of her blood. If there was only some way to resist†¦if only another gust of fresh air could clear my head. Bella Swan shook out her long, thick, mahogany hair in my direction. Was she insane? It was as if she were encouraging the monster! Taunting him. There was no friendly breeze to blow the smell away from me now. All would soon be lost. No, there was no helpful breeze. But I didn't have to breathe. I stopped the flow of air through my lungs; the relief was instantaneous, but incomplete. I still had the memory of the scent in my head, the taste of it on the back of my tongue. I wouldn't be able to resist even that for long. But perhaps I could resist for an hour. One hour. Just enough time to get out of this room full of victims, victims that maybe didn't have to be victims. If I could resist for one short hour. It was an uncomfortable feeling, not breathing. My body did not need oxygen, but it went against my instincts. I relied on scent more than my other senses in times of stress. It led the way in the hunt, it was the first warning in case of danger. I did not often came across something as dangerous as I was, but self-preservation was just as strong in my kind as it was in the average human. Uncomfortable, but manageable. More bearable than smelling her and not sinking my teeth through that fine, thin, see-through skin to the hot, wet, pulsing – An hour! Just one hour. I must not think of the scent, the taste. The silent girl kept her hair between us, leaning forward so that it spilled across her folder. I couldn't see her face, to try to read the emotions in her clear, deep eyes. Was this why she'd let her tresses fan out between us? To hide those eyes from me? Out of fear? Shyness? To keep her secrets from me? My former irritation at being stymied by her soundless thoughts was weak and pale in comparison to the need – and the hate – that possessed me now. For I hated this frail woman-child beside me, hated her with all the fervor with which I clung to my former self, my love of my family, my dreams of being something better than what I was†¦ Hating her, hating how she made me feel – it helped a little. Yes, the irritation I'd felt before was weak, but it, too, helped a little. I clung to any emotion that distracted me from imagining what she would taste like†¦ Hate and irritation. Impatience. Would the hour never pass? And when the hour ended†¦ Then she would walk out of this room. And I would do what? I could introduce myself. Hello, my name is Edward Cullen. May I walk you to your next class? She would say yes. It would be the polite thing to do. Even already fearing me, as I suspected she did, she would follow convention and walk beside me. It should be easy enough to lead her in the wrong direction. A spur of the forest reached out like a finger to touch the back corner of the parking lot. I could tell her I'd forgotten a book in my car†¦ Would anyone notice that I was the last person she'd been seen with? It was raining, as usual; two dark raincoats heading the wrong direction wouldn't pique too much interest, or give me away. Except that I was not the only student who was aware of her today – though no one was as blisteringly aware as I was. Mike Newton, in particular, was conscious of every shift in her weight as she fidgeted in her chair – she was uncomfortable so close to me, just as anyone would be, just as I'd expected before her scent had destroyed all charitable concern. Mike Newton would notice if she left the classroom with me. If I could last an hour, could I last two? I flinched at the pain of the burning. She would go home to an empty house. Police Chief Swan worked a full day. I knew his house, as I knew every house in the tiny town. His home was nestled right up against thick woods, with no close neighbors. Even if she had time to scream, which she would not, there would be no one to hear. That would be the responsible way to deal with this. I'd gone seven decades without human blood. If I held my breath, I could last two hours. And when I had her alone, there would be no chance of anyone else getting hurt. And no reason to rush through the experience, the monster in my head agreed. It was sophistry to think that by saving the nineteen humans in this room with effort and patience, I would be less a monster when I killed this innocent girl. Though I hated her, I knew my hatred was unjust. I knew that what I really hated was myself. And I would hate us both so much more when she was dead. I made it through the hour in this way – imagining the best ways to kill her. I tried to avoid imagining the actual act. That might be too much for me; I might lose this battle and end up killing everyone in sight. So I planned strategy, and nothing more. It carried me through the hour. Once, toward the very end, she peeked up at me through the fluid wall of her hair. I could feel the unjustified hatred burning out of me as I met her gaze – see the reflection of it in her frightened eyes. Blood painted her cheek before she could hide in her hair again, and I was nearly undone. But the bell rang. Saved by the bell – how clich. We were both saved. She, saved from death. I, saved for just a short time from being the nightmarish creature I feared and loathed. I couldn't walk as slowly as I should as I darted from the room. If anyone had been looking at me, they might have suspected that there was something not right about the way I moved. No one was paying attention to me. All human thoughts still swirled around the girl who was condemned to die in little more than an hour's time. I hid in my car. I didn't like to think of myself having to hide. How cowardly that sounded. But it was unquestionably the case now. I didn't have enough discipline left to be around humans now. Focusing so much of my efforts on not killing one of them left me no resources to resist the others. What a waste that would be. If I were to give in to the monster, I might as well make it worth the defeat. I played a CD of music that usually calmed me, but it did little for me now. No, what helped most now was the cool, wet, clean air that drifted with the light rain through my open windows. Though I could remember the scent of Bella Swan's blood with perfect clarity, inhaling the clean air was like washing out the inside of my body from its infection. I was sane again. I could think again. And I could fight again. I could fight against what I didn't want to be. I didn't have to go to her home. I didn't have to kill her. Obviously, I was a rational, thinking creature, and I had a choice. There was always a choice. It hadn't felt that way in the classroom†¦but I was away from her now. Perhaps, if I avoided her very, very carefully, there was no need for my life to change. I had things ordered the way I liked them now. Why should I let some aggravating and delicious nobody ruin that? I didn't have to disappoint my father. I didn't have to cause my mother stress, worry†¦pain. Yes, it would hurt my adopted mother, too. And Esme was so gentle, so tender and soft. Causing someone like Esme pain was truly inexcusable. How ironic that I'd wanted to protect this human girl from the paltry, toothless threat of Jessica Stanley's snide thoughts. I was the last person who would ever stand as a protector for Isabella Swan. She would never need protection from anything more than she needed it from me. Where was Alice, I suddenly wondered? Hadn't she seen me killing the Swan girl in a multitude of ways? Why hadn't she come to help – to stop me or help me clean up the evidence, whichever? Was she so absorbed with watching for trouble with Jasper that she'd missed this much more horrific possibility? Was I stronger than I thought? Would I really not have done anything to the girl? No. I knew that wasn't true. Alice must be concentrating on Jasper very hard. I searched in the direction I knew she would be, in the small building used for English classes. It did not take me long to locate her familiar voice.' And I was right. Her every thought was turned to Jasper, watching his small choices with minute scrutiny. I wished I could ask her advice, but at the same time, I was glad she didn't know what I was capable of. That she was unaware of the massacre I had considered in the last hour. I felt a new burn through my body – the burn of shame. I didn't want any of them to know. If I could avoid Bella Swan, if I could manage not to kill her – even as I thought that, the monster writhed and gnashed his teeth in frustration – then no one would have to know. If I could keep away from her scent†¦ There was no reason why I shouldn't try, at least. Make a good choice. Try to be what Carlisle thought I was. The last hour of school was almost over. I decided to put my new plan into action at once. Better than sitting here in the parking lot where she might pass me and ruin my attempt. Again, I felt the unjust hatred for the girl. I hated that she had this unconscious power over me. That she could make me be something I reviled. I walked swiftly – a little too swiftly, but there were no witnesses – across the tiny campus to the office. There was no reason for Bella Swan to cross paths with me. She would be avoided like the plague she was. The office was empty except for the secretary, the one I wanted to see. She didn't notice my silent entrance. â€Å"Mrs. Cope?† The woman with the unnaturally red hair looked up and her eyes widened. It always caught them off guard, the little markers they didn't understand, no matter how many times they'd seen one of us before. â€Å"Oh,† she gasped, a little flustered. She smoothed her shirt. Silly, she thought to herself. He's almost young enough to be my son. Too young to think of that way†¦ â€Å"Hello, Edward. What can I do for you?† Her eyelashes fluttered behind her thick glasses. Uncomfortable. But I knew how to be charming when I wanted to be. It was easy, since I was able to know instantly how any tone or gesture was taken. I leaned forward, meeting her gaze as if I were staring deeply into her depthless, small brown eyes. Her thoughts were already in a flutter. This should be simple. â€Å"I was wondering if you could help me with my schedule,† I said in the soft voice I reserved for not scaring humans. I heard the tempo of her heart increase. â€Å"Of course, Edward. How can I help?† Too young, too young, she chanted to herself. Wrong, of course. I was older than her grandfather. But according to my driver's license, she was right. â€Å"I was wondering if I could move from my biology class to a senior level science? Physics, perhaps?† â€Å"It there a problem with Mr. Banner, Edward?† â€Å"Not at all, it's just that I've already studied this material†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"In that accelerated school you all went to in Alaska, right.† Her thin lips pursed as she considered this. They should all be in college. I've heard the teachers complain. Perfect four point ohs, never a hesitation with a response, never a wrong answer on a test – like they've found some way to cheat in every subject. Mr. Varner would rather believe that anyone was cheating than think a student was smarter than him†¦ I'll bet their mother tutors them†¦ â€Å"Actually, Edward, physics is pretty much full right now. Mr. Banner hates to have more than twenty-five students in a class – â€Å" â€Å"I wouldn't be any trouble.† Of course not. Not a perfect Cullen. â€Å"I know that, Edward. But there just aren't enough seats as it is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Could I drop the class, then? I could use the period for independent study.† â€Å"Drop biology?† He mouth fell open. That's crazy. How hard is it to sit through a subject you already know? There must be a problem with Mr. Banner. I wonder if I should talk to Bob about it? â€Å"You won't have enough credits to graduate.† â€Å"I'll catch up next year.† â€Å"Maybe you should talk to your parents about that.† The door opened behind me, but who ever it was did not think of me, so I ignored the arrival and concentrated on Mrs. Cope. I leaned slightly closer, and held my eyes a little wider. This would work better if they were gold instead of black. The blackness frightened people, as it should. â€Å"Please, Mrs. Cope?† I made my voice as smooth and compelling as it could be – and it could be considerably compelling. â€Å"Isn't there some other section I could switch to? I'm sure there has to be an open slot somewhere? Sixth hour biology can't be the only option†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I smiled at her, careful not to flash my teeth so widely that it would scare her, letting the expression soften my face. Her heart drummed faster. Too young, she reminded herself frantically. â€Å"Well, maybe I could talk to Bob – I mean Mr. Banner. I could see if – â€Å" A second was all it took to change everything: the atmosphere in the room, my mission here, the reason I leaned toward the red-haired woman†¦ What had been for one purpose before was now for another. A second was all it took for Samantha Wells to open the door and place a signed tardy slip in the basket by the door, and hurry out again, in a rush to be away from school. A second was all it took for the sudden gust of wind through the open door to crash into me. A second was all it took for me to realize why that first person through the door had not interrupted me with her thoughts. I turned, though I did not need to make sure. I turned slowly, fighting to control the muscles that rebelled against me. Bella Swan stood with her back pressed to the wall beside the door, a piece of paper clutched in her hands. Her eyes were even wider than usual as she took in my ferocious, inhuman glare. The smell of her blood saturated every particle of air in the tiny, hot room. My throat burst into flames. The monster glared back at me from the mirror of her eyes again, a mask of evil. My hand hesitated in the air above the counter. I would not have to look back in order to reach across it and slam Mrs. Cope's head into her desk with enough force to kill her. Two lives, rather than twenty. A trade. The monster waited anxiously, hungrily, for me to do it. But there was always a choice – there had to be. I cut off the motion of my lungs, and fixed Carlisle's face in front of my eyes. I turned back to face Mrs. Cope, and heard her internal surprise at the change in my expression. She shrank away from me, but her fear did not form into coherent words. Using all the control I'd mastered in my decades of self-denial, I made my voice even and smooth. There was just enough air left in my lungs to speak once more, rushing through the words. â€Å"Nevermind, then. I can see that it's impossible. Thank you so much for your help.† I spun and launched myself from the room, trying not to feel the warm-blooded heat of the girl's body as I passed within inches of it. I didn't stop until I was in my car, moving too fast the entire way there. Most of the humans had cleared out already, so there weren't a lot of witnesses. I heard a sophomore, D.J. Garrett, notice, and then disregard†¦ Where did Cullen come from – it was like he just came out of thin air†¦ There I go, with the imagination again. Mom always says†¦ When I slid into my Volvo, the others were already there. I tried to control my breathing, but I was gasping at the fresh air like I'd been suffocated. â€Å"Edward?† Alice asked, alarm in her voice. I just shook my head at her. â€Å"What the hell happened to you?† Emmett demanded, distracted, for the moment, from the fact that Jasper was not in the mood for his rematch. Instead of answering, I threw the car into reverse. I had to get out of this lot before Bella Swan could follow me here, too. My own person demon, haunting me†¦ I swung the car around and accelerated. I hit forty before I was on the road. On the road, I hit seventy before I made the corner. Without looking, I knew that Emmett, Rosalie and Jasper had all turned to stare at Alice. She shrugged. She couldn't see what had passed, only what was coming. She looked ahead for me now. We both processed what she saw in her head, and we were both surprised. â€Å"You're leaving?† she whispered. The others stared at me now. â€Å"Am I?† I hissed through my teeth. She saw it then, as my resolve wavered and another choice spun my future in a darker direction. â€Å"Oh.† Bella Swan, dead. My eyes, glowing crimson with fresh blood. The search that would follow. The careful time we would wait before it was safe for us to pull out and start again†¦ â€Å"Oh,† she said again. The picture grew more specific. I saw the inside of Chief Swan's house for the first time, saw Bella in a small kitchen with the yellow cupboards, her back to me as I stalked her from the shadows†¦let the scent pull me toward her†¦ â€Å"Stop!† I groaned, not able to bear more. â€Å"Sorry,† she whispered, her eyes wide. The monster rejoiced. And the vision in her head shifted again. An empty highway at night, the trees beside it coated in snow, flashing by at almost two hundred miles per hour. â€Å"I'll miss you,† she said. â€Å"No matter how short a time you're gone.† Emmett and Rosalie exchanged an apprehensive glance. We were almost to the turn off onto the long drive that led to our home. â€Å"Drop us here,† Alice instructed. â€Å"You should tell Carlisle yourself.† I nodded, and the car squealed to a sudden stop. Emmett, Rosalie and Jasper got out in silence; they would make Alice explain when I was gone. Alice touched my shoulder. â€Å"You will do the right thing,† she murmured. Not a vision this time – an order. â€Å"She's Charlie Swan's only family. It would kill him, too.† â€Å"Yes,† I said, agreeing only with the last part. She slid out to join the others, her eyebrows pulling together in anxiety. They melted into woods, out of sight before I could turn the car around. I accelerated back toward town, and I knew the visions in Alice's head would be flashing from dark to bright like a strobe light. As I sped back to Forks doing ninety, I wasn't sure where I was going. To say goodbye to my father? Or to embrace the monster inside me? The road flew away beneath my tires.

Having a Child does Reduce Marriage Satisfaction Essay

Children should be source of happiness to a family, but that is not necessarily the case. The addition (or even removal) of a person from a family may cause the family to require a lot of reorganization in order to maintain its normal system [LeMasters, 1957 cited in Twenge, Campbell and Foster (2003)]. The inclusion of a new person into the family is usually a kind of crisis since it has to be supported by a reorganization of the family that would strive to restore normalcy while accommodating the new person. LeMasters (1957) likened the reorganization process to a crisis since it must involve making of concrete decisions to solve problems in old patterns of the family, which become somehow insufficient with the incoming of a new parson, especially a newborn. Insufficiency in a family due to the arrival of newborn arises due to several factors, which may be directly linked to the infant or indirectly affecting the parents. Nevertheless, babies at different ages have different requirements, and thus affect family systems in different ways. Twenge, Campbell and Foster (2003) noted that parents with children under the age of five years experience persistent lack of sleep due to the infants’ need for close attention particularly at night. In addition, such parents may also experience chronic tiredness, some form of guilt that they are not offering the best care (particularly if the infant keeps on crying), and a feeling of too much confinement at home to care for the baby. At the individual level, mothers may be concerned about their appearance, both in terms of the stress involve in taking care of the baby and in the physical attributes of the body after birth. According to Foley, Kope and Sugrue (2001), first time mothers are particularly prone to this kind of stress. For the fathers, a research recorded by Gottman (1994) revealed that becoming a father was partly the cause of declines in wife’s sexual responsiveness and ultimately, dissatisfaction in marriage. Moreover, fathers usually become burdened with a role to be sole breadwinners for the family since the women (even those who are working) have to be reduced to the role of housewives as they take care of babies in their early stages of growth. In general, when a married couple gets a baby, there is a tendency that the couple may be affected in number of ways. To begin with, there may be an increase in household chores and stress (since the baby has its own requirements in addition to the routine duties) (Twenge, Campbell and Foster, 2003). This may be amplified due to lack of adequate time for discussion between the couple as much of the time is directed to the baby. Secondly, the lack of discussion would result in poor companionship of the couple. Thirdly, as the gap between the couple and the baby becomes the center of focus, the couple’s sexual life may be annihilated (Twenge, Campbell and Foster, 2003). In addition, as a married couple gets distant due to the arrival of a baby, they may seek solace in their daily activities but this is likely to confer a number of disadvantages to the family since there may be an overload in accumulated roles of each parent (partner). McCary (1975) and Morgan (1988) have shown that in case the wives are not working, the arrival of a baby exacerbates depedendecy of the wife on the man hence the man feels more superior at the expense of the demoralized wife. Hence, birth raises inequity between married partners. Finally, having a child generates negative assessments of marriage, especially among the non-traditional women who may look at giving birth and taking care of a baby as too tedious and involving a task (Twenge, Campbell and Foster, 2003). In spite of the many challenges faced by families in having children, some authors (such as Foley, Kope and Sugrue [2001]) have noted that having a child may decrease marriage satisfaction, increase it or have no effect at all. Hence, all the aforementioned effects of having a child cannot be generalized to all families since different facilities have different levels of socialization and economic standing among other factors. It is thus worth noting that having a child confers various effects on the family setting. This paper will focus on the effect of having child in marriage but will be biased towards the preposition that having a child or children does reduce satisfaction in marriage. The paper will involve a review of past works on the concept accompanied with concise discussion based on the findings. In order to come up with a deduction on the topic, conclusions will be derived from the discussion to justify if the perception indeed holds water.

The Declaration of Independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Declaration of Independence - Essay Example A wÐ µll-Ð µducatÐ µd, powÐ µrful advocatÐ µ of frÐ µÃ µdom and libÐ µrty, Thomas JÐ µffÐ µrson was an articulatÐ µ architÐ µct of thÐ µ AmÐ µrican govÐ µrnmÐ µnt as wÐ µ know it, or would likÐ µ to; that is, a govÐ µrnmÐ µnt which is thÐ µ sÐ µrvant of thÐ µ pÐ µoplÐ µ it rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts, not thÐ µir mastÐ µr. a govÐ µrnmÐ µnt which is an ongoing continuation of thÐ µ AmÐ µrican rÐ µvolution’s frÐ µÃ µ spirit. WhÐ µn JÐ µffÐ µrson wrotÐ µ thÐ µ DÐ µclaration of IndÐ µpÐ µndÐ µncÐ µ, hÐ µ usÐ µd many rhÐ µtorical stratÐ µgiÐ µs of thÐ µ AgÐ µ of RÐ µason to assÐ µrt collÐ µctivÐ µ unity and frÐ µÃ µdom. ThÐ µ DÐ µclaration of IndÐ µpÐ µndÐ µncÐ µ is basically a documÐ µnt that condÐ µmns thÐ µ British Crown and holds that its formÐ µr coloniÐ µs in North AmÐ µrica arÐ µ now unitÐ µd as statÐ µs. ThÐ µ most vital important statÐ µmÐ µnt that was madÐ µ about frÐ µÃ µdom in this documÐ µnt, thÐ µ DÐ µclaration of IndÐ µpÐ µndÐ µncÐ µ, howÐ µvÐ µr, was that thÐ µ U.S. country as a nation was frÐ µÃ µ and indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt of British colonial control. In thÐ µ dÐ µclaration, thÐ µ committÐ µÃ µ mÐ µmbÐ µrs and JÐ µffÐ µrson sÐ µt forth a list of what thÐ µ British colonialists had donÐ µ to thÐ µ AmÐ µricans to curtail thÐ µir frÐ µÃ µdoms, and statÐ µd that thÐ µy arÐ µ not obligatÐ µd to Ð µxist undÐ µr a systÐ µm that has such curtailmÐ µnts as its important factors. ThÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ, thÐ µ documÐ µnt was important bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ authors, â€Å"by authority of thÐ µ good pÐ µoplÐ µ of thÐ µsÐ µ ColoniÐ µs, solÐ µmnly publish and dÐ µclarÐ µ, That thÐ µsÐ µ UnitÐ µd ColoniÐ µs arÐ µ, and of right ought to bÐ µÃ µ frÐ µÃ µ and indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt StatÐ µs† (KlÐ µinman Ð µt al., 1998). ... ThÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ, thÐ µ documÐ µnt was important bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ authors, â€Å"by authority of thÐ µ good pÐ µoplÐ µ of thÐ µsÐ µ ColoniÐ µs, solÐ µmnly publish and dÐ µclarÐ µ, That thÐ µsÐ µ UnitÐ µd ColoniÐ µs arÐ µ, and of right ought to bÐ µÃ µ frÐ µÃ µ and indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt StatÐ µs† (KlÐ µinman Ð µt al., 1998). ThÐ µ DÐ µclaration of IndÐ µpÐ µndÐ µncÐ µ was Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ ovÐ µrall bÐ µcausÐ µ its primary author, JÐ µffÐ µrson, rÐ µflÐ µctÐ µd a sort of idÐ µalism that showÐ µd in thÐ µ documÐ µnt from his ЕnlightÐ µnmÐ µnt idÐ µals. ThÐ µ fivÐ µ critÐ µria that will bÐ µ judgÐ µd by this rÐ µport in rÐ µlation to thÐ µ DÐ µclaration’s ЕnlightÐ µnmÐ µnt rhÐ µtoric arÐ µ its status as a humanist documÐ µnt, its absolutist rhÐ µtoric, its utopian rhÐ µtorical statÐ µmÐ µnts about thÐ µ naturÐ µ of rÐ µpublic and dÐ µmocracy, and its strong rhÐ µtoric on thÐ µ limitations of absolutÐ µ powÐ µr in monarchical govÐ µrnmÐ µnt. HowÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µ documÐ µnt doÐ µs not work on all lÐ µvÐ µls, whÐ µn onÐ µ considÐ µrs thÐ µ provisions about thÐ µ Ð µquality of crÐ µation in thÐ µ contÐ µxt of a slavÐ µ-owning nation. ThÐ µ first stratÐ µgy considÐ µrÐ µd is that of thÐ µ DÐ µclaration’s status as a humanist documÐ µnt. JÐ µffÐ µrson and thÐ µ othÐ µr draftÐ µrs usÐ µ humanist rhÐ µtoric, calling attÐ µntion to thÐ µ basic human nÐ µÃ µd of frÐ µÃ µdom. During thÐ µ timÐ µ that thÐ µ documÐ µnt was writtÐ µn, ЕuropÐ µ was bÐ µing swÐ µpt by a nÐ µw sÐ µntimÐ µnt. PÐ µoplÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ starting to quÐ µstion thÐ µ old systÐ µms of control and thÐ µ divinÐ µ powÐ µr of thÐ µ monarch was waning. ThÐ µrÐ µ was a nÐ µw trÐ µnd of looking to human ingÐ µnuity and gÐ µnius for answÐ µrs, rathÐ µr than simply looking to rÐ µligion, during this timÐ µ. This was known as humanism. In

Auschwitz Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Auschwitz - Research Paper Example It has a solemn educational purpose to teach future generations about what happened there, in the hope that this knowledge will help to ensure that such a thing never happens again. The first thing that strikes a visitor to the museum is the large entrance which has the words â€Å"Arbeit macht frei† over the gate. This phrase means â€Å"work makes you free† in German and it shows what kind of image the Nazis wanted the place to have. It was supposed to look like a work camp, and these words of encouragement suggest that if the people work hard, they will one day be free. In fact, however, this was a false encouragement, because the people came into this camp to be worked until they died, or to be exterminated in a mass programme of genocide. There is a railway track leading up to the entrance, and the rail tracks just stop there. This is a symbolic reminder that the people who were brought here in cattle trucks day after day would not be going anywhere else. This plac e is the end of the track. The camp was set up in 1940 under the orders of Heinrich Himmler as the seventh concentration camp after Dachau, Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald, Flossenburg Mauthausen and Ravensbruck. (Steinbacher and Whiteside: 2005, pp. 22-23) The main camp was built first and called Auschwitz and the second camp called Birkenau came next. Many smaller areas were built as well to provide sleeping areas for the increasing numbers of workers. The area had been an army barracks before, and many of the buildings from that time were used for this new purpose. A mortuary was turned into a temporary gas chamber, which was used to kill people in large numbers. As the population grew bigger and bigger, further chambers were built. The first inmates were Polish people who were in some way seen as a threat by the Nazis. Later on there were more Jewish people. It is hard to understand why people treated the inmates at Auschwitz so badly. The many photographs and information posters in t he museum describe in very great detail what happened to them. They were usually brought in large wagons over long distances and they arrived hungry and thirsty, and suffering from the cold in winter or the heat in summer. The prisoners were divided into groups and each group was taken away to learn its fate. Men and women were separated, and Jewish people were often taken straight to the gas chambers. Those who remained were forced to have a number tattooed on their skin. This is an inhuman thing to do, because it treats people like animals, or like objects, which are just numbers in the big Nazi project to change Poland into a German territory and remove any people who were not part of their big plans. There were other people in the concentration camp, apart from Jewish people. Political opponents of the Nazi regime were sent there, and a lot of Roma gypsy people. The living conditions were terrible: very crowded with very little sanitation. The Birkenau camp was even worse than t he main camp. It was built originally for 180 people to sleep in huts, but the Nazis forced 700 people to live there. Food was very bad and not nearly enough. Many thousands of people died of starvation. There were also babies born there, and they, too were tattooed and imprisoned with their mothers. The camp was managed by the elite SS part of Hitler’s army. Some of them had already gained experience in other concentration camps and they ruled everything with an iron hand. If

Ford's future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ford's future - Essay Example Its North American automotive business is hemorrhaging cash and market share† is the comment by Bryce G. Hoffman from Detroit News. The fall of the empire of Ford is evident from the fact that Fords domestic brands -- Ford, Lincoln and Mercury -- saw their combined share of the U.S. market fall 4.7 percent last year, from 18.3 percent in 2004 to 17.4 percent in 2005. A decade earlier, Fords market share stood at nearly 25.6 percent. Every percentage point of market share represents 170,000 vehicles. With this background this paper aims at analyzing the factors that led Ford to reach this no-alternative ‘Way forward’ position and the likely impact of the decision to cut jobs and close manufacturing facilities on the future of Ford. The financial results for the year 2006 would be the worst in the 103 years history of Ford. The old record net loss of $ 7.39 billion would be surpassed by the loss for the year 2006 as already the loss is mounted at $ 7 billion for the first three quarters of 2006 and for the fourth quarter more losses are expected by the analysts. The financial situation of Ford was worsened by the collapsing sales of its F series Pick up and truck based sport utility vehicles in which segments the company made huge losses. New product investments -- utilizing Fords global architectures and scale -- to deliver more new products faster, including more crossovers, hybrid vehicles, new small cars, increased spending on Fords truck leadership and new "white space" products. A lean and flexible manufacturing system combined with capacity matched to demand. Capacity will be reduced by 1.2 million units or 26 percent by 2008, representing the majority of actions within the plans 2006-2012 periods. In order to give life to the restructuring plan, Ford mortgaged nearly all of its domestic assets- its plants, office buildings, patents and trademarks — along with stakes in Ford Credit and Volvo, to raise $18 billion. Ford said its restructuring

Alcoholism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Alcoholism - Assignment Example o a physiological need and that is where human physiology outraces human psychology or will power since even if the patient is aware of the habit or outcomes of the habit, the physiologic consequences of limiting alcohol consumption becomes almost unbearable without support hence the aim of a nurse is to intervene and support the patient. Being a RN responsible for care of such patients it is an obligation on my part to understand the needs of the patient without making any kind of assumption and keeping the dignity of the patient (NMC,2008). A RN needs to understand the want for mental, emotional and physiological support during withdrawal period and provide care accordingly. The aim is to support them in since the phase of withdrawal is extremely tough and in many cases converts into aggressive behavior. Care and safety of the patient also comes under the duty of a RN besides confidentiality. Psychological support must also be rendered to not only ensure that the patient gains enough mental strength to stop the intake of alcohol but also motivate the patient through the entire intervention

Mathematics Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mathematics Autobiography - Essay Example In my entire course, my grades were good enough to further my study since my improvement was notable. My interest in mathematics started after my first pre-calculus class. My professors led me to discover the mystery of math and showed me the significance of mathematics in the scientific world. Presently, as a math major student in Seattle University, I am focused to get a better grade. This will help me get a higher-level education of mathematics in the future. My future plans and my personal expectations in mathematics is to get into a graduate school and major in statistics. From my researched understanding, statistics is a study that involves mathematical calculations and data analysis. This helps predict the future and determine what happened in the past. A program which works with numbers and data is challenging hence will improve my cognitive understanding and make my life more wonderful. The most attractive thing about mathematics in my life is studying with numbers. I can solve problems using different approaches and prove my answers with numbers. I consider it more interesting when I solve problems using numbers instead of using words. To me, using of Reserve proof to prove a mathematics problem is like a magic. However, not every aspect of mathematics interests me. For instance, understanding of theorem and definitions, as presented in publications has always been a problem to me. Reading is the hardest part in my life, so I still need to work hard with the definitions. Calculus II, integral, and Differential Equation are the most interesting units that I have taken in my entire course. I like integral and it interests me to integrate a hard question and finally figure out the answer. After taking Differential Equation class, I learned how to integrate an equation and restore it back to its previous state. I am taking math 310 as a major requirement and the same unit is a basic class for my higher-level math classes. Proving, which is a

Market research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Market research - Essay Example Marketing research often specifies the required information to address some of these issues, designs of proper methodology for collecting information, management and implementation of the data gathering process, analysis of the results, as well as the aspect of communicating the ultimate findings and implications (McNulty, 2014). Market research generally has to do with systematic act of recording, gathering and analysing of quantitative and quantitative data involving issues that relates to marketing of goods and services. The main objective of this element is the identification and assessment of the changing marketing mix and customer elements (Inc. (Firm), 2014). Market research is mainly concerned particularly with the general market perspectives and processes. Customer marketing research usually refers to a form of functional sociology that lays its major concentration on greater understanding of the attitudes, preferences, and the consumers’ behaviours within each and every market-based economy. The main aim is the element of trying to understand the comparative success and impacts of various marketing campaigns (Inc. (Firm), 2014). The main task with regards to marketing research is the provision of proper management with accurate, relevant, valid, reliable and latest information. This often works towards solving various marketing issues that emerge mainly due to competition within the marketing environment. Competitive environment, together with an ever-increasing cost that are often attributed to the aspect of inadequate decision making techniques that needs the marketing research to offer sound information (Inc. (Firm), 2014). The basis of intuition, gut feeling or pure judgment should not be involved when it comes to the aspect of making sound decisions. Marketing managers often make various tactical

How can public transport systems be improved in the uk Essay

How can public transport systems be improved in the uk - Essay Example The UK toad transport system, for example, is faced by endless traffic jams and expensive parking spots (Paulley et al 2006). This has called for improvement of the UK transportation system. More than other areas, the public transportation system needs improvement in order to serve members of the public better. A good public transportation system is vital in building a good society, in addition to creating a strong economy. A good public transportation system for the UK should be fair for all users and be properly integrated to ensure the effective flow of door-to-door transport services. To achieve this, public transport stakeholders should work together with local authorities and transport operators to improve rail and public road transport (Paulley et al 2006). There should also be improved access to public transportation system through good cycle paths, roads, and sidewalks for pedestrians. Furthermore, the transport systems, especially roads should have traffic signs which go a long way in easing traffic flow, reducing accidents, and providing direction to members of the public. A good public transport will ensure that people do not use their personal cars every time they travel, which is important in reducing congestion on the roads (Litman et al 2008). Reduced use of personal cars will also help in reducing carbon emission and consequently contribute toward the achievement of a cleaner environment. Currently, trains are found far away from many people’s places of residence and are often congested (Wiltshire Council 2011). The current train and bus services cannot compete with personal cars in terms of cost, comfort, and convenience. Furthermore, many bus and train operators are offer low quality services, are expensive, and charge varying fares. Public transport services can be improved through the implementation of traffic management systems (Wiltshire Council 2011). This will help free buses from

Political Ideologies Essay Example for Free

Political Ideologies Essay Ideology is a highly contested phenomenon used in politics, social science and philosophical discourse. Heywood (2003, p12) defines ideology as ‘a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides the basis for organised political action whether this is intended to preserve, modify or overthrow the existing system of power. ’ According to Freeden (2003) we are all ideologists in the sense that we prescribe to certain political views in our environment. He goes on to say that ideologies are competing interpretations of making sense of the worlds we live in. Ideologies look at what society should be like and why the society is the way it is. Leach (2002) states that the term ideology is quite problematic. He also defines ideology as â€Å"interconnected set of ideas which form a perspective on the world† Leach. R. (2002, p. 1) Williams (1998) defines ideology as a system of ideas and beliefs that offer a means of understanding the world. He also adds that these ideas provide a programme to shape the future and seen as a guide to action. From the above, it is clear that there is no agreed definition of what ideology is. My view of ideology is ideas or views attempting to explain how society should be. Political parties may have conflicting ideas on certain issues of society and therefore influence the policies which affect service users. From this perspective, I can suggest that ideology is related to a set or system of beliefs, ideas and values that individuals, groups and organisations hold. Examples of ideologies include communism, socialism, liberalism, conservatism, feminism and fascism. Implications to Social Work Many service users who come in contact with social workers will be experiencing poverty and deprivation. Social workers will be there to advocate and advise service users on how to apply for these benefits. According to Thompson (2005) poverty leads to other problems such as poor mental health and social exclusion. Social workers support these service users by sign posting for counselling, rehabilitation and psychotherapy. Liberalism as an ideology offers an explanation of how social problems are constructed and how families and individuals are conceptualised within this framework. Thompson, (2005) suggested that problems are constructed by society. Adams, (2002) state that as social workers we need to keep up to date with all policy changes so that we can advise service users accordingly. He emphasises that social workers should be proactive by reading informative newspapers and social work journals. Brechnin (2000) cited in Adams (2002) also state that it is vital for practitioners to grasp the policy context of the cases they deal with and thereby improve how they deal with service users complexities. Critical understanding of policies concerning children and families may help social workers improve practice. Social workers need to assess and identify the needs of a service user group for example people with disabilities and find out as much information as they can through research on how they can assist and empower service users. The question for social workers is do we challenge a belief or ideology which we think does not fit in with social work values for example Conservatism. On the other hand, we enter into another debate of social workers as agents of the state so whichever government is in power, social workers as agents of state would have to follow their beliefs. We need to be aware of the current government beliefs, and its influence on policies so that we are equipped to advise service users on services available. To conclude, the practice of social work in modern liberal society rests on liberal principles. By locating the connections between social work and Liberalism ideology, we have seen how practical social knowledge is influenced by liberal philosophical assumptions. These central tenets of Liberalism are liberty, tolerance, and a free-market economy. These core beliefs affect all areas of social life, including social work. The tensions that permeate the practices of liberal governments are present in the field of social work and valuable indicators of the complexity of the issues social workers face. Crucially, they are open to reform. There are deep social problems in liberal society such as poverty, inequality, alienation. What we can learn from these problems is that if Liberalism will succeed in its aspirations it needs to expand its scope to include more social and corporate responsibility, and a greater understanding of community. Bibliography Adams, R. (2002), Social Policy for Social work, Basingstoke: Palgrave Alasdair. D. M. (1981), After Virtue , 2nd edn, London: Duckworth. Bellamy, R. (1992), Liberalism and modern society Cambridge: Polity press. Frazer, E. and Lacey, N. (1993) The Politics of community, Hertfordshire: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Freeden, M. (2003), Ideology: A very short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press Heywood, A. (2007) Political Ideologies an introduction, 4th edn, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Hills, J. and Stewart, K. (2005), A More Equal Society, Bristol: Policy press Hobbes, T. (1985) Leviathan , London: Penguin Classics. Leach, R. (2002), Political Ideology in Britain, Basingstoke: Palgrave Mullaly, B. (2007), The New Structural Social work: Ideology, Theory, Practice, (3rd edn), USA: Oxford University Press Ramsay, M (1997) What’s wrong with Liberalism London: Leicester University Press. Rousseau, J. J. (1968) The Social Contract, London: Penguin books. Rawls, J (1999), A Theory of Justice, Oxford: Open University Press. Thompson, N. (2005), Understanding Social Work: Preparing for practice, (2nd edn), Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. Williams, A. (1998) UK Government and Politics, Oxford: Heinemann Wilson, K et al, (2008) Social Work: An Introduction to contemporary practice, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.

What Are the Key Problem Facing the Worlds in the 21 Century Essay Example for Free

What Are the Key Problem Facing the Worlds in the 21 Century Essay Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Face-to-face communication is better than other types of communication, such as letters, email, or telephone calls. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. Humankind, through the ages, has undergone many changes from the time when people communicated only face-to-face to nowadays when a person has in use many types of communication means. Some people still prefer to use face-to-face communication despite many other sometimes more convenient ones such as phone, mail, e-mail and fax. I think to continue this essay it is essential to clarify what kind of conversation we are talking about. For example, if people are negotiating it is very important to have a face-to-face communication. It is very important to see during a negotiation how ones opponent is moving, is he nervous or relaxed, what he is doing, etc. Scientists say that the body language and facial gestures can say many thing about a person, his strong and weak sides, his traits, manners and even habits. To know what kind of man one is dealing with is very essential aspect in negotiation. Many managers prefer to have with the future employees face-to-face conversation. So, in this case they see how a person behaves. From the other side, if I need to notify my bank that I am going to close an account I do not want to spend my time driving there, waiting for my turn and talking with a representative. It is easier for me just to call or e-mail them. It saves my time and my banks too. To summarize, from my opinion all important issues better be discussed in face-to-face conversation. It will eliminate many farther misunderstandings and bring only benefits to both sides.

A case study on suffering with depression

A case study on suffering with depression Depression is a whole body illness, meaning it affects your body, mood and thoughts. It can be a very serious illness which affects the way you eat and sleep, the way you feel about yourself and the way you think about things. It is more than just a passing mood, and is very different from the usual feelings of sadness and feeling fed up. The feelings of depression usually last more than a few days; they can last for months or even years. If left untreated, these feelings can interfere with the daily life of the individual and can also have an effect on the people around them. Depression can affect anyone at any age, including children, although it is more likely to occur if there has been a family history of depression. Health professionals use different terms to describe depression, these are: depression, depressive illness and clinical depression (NHS, 2009). It is commonly thought that depression is not a real illness. It is seen more like a weakness or a failure in an individual however, just because it is not visible does not mean it is not real. Types of depression There many different forms of depression, these can range from mild depression through to severe depression and individuals who suffer with severe depression may also show psychotic symptoms. Major depression, probably the most common form of depression, is manifested by a combination of symptoms that interfere with the individuals ability to eat, sleep, work and study. Usually the individual will lose interest in once pleasurable activities and also has a feeling of hopelessness. Some individuals only have a single depressive episode, while others have recurring episodes. (Psychology Information Online, 2009) Dysthymia is a mild, chronic state of depression and the symptoms are similar to major depression, but less severe. A person may suffer from dysthymia depression for years before being diagnosed, thus they would still continue with everyday life and may not even realise that they are suffering with depression, they could just have a feeling that something is not quite right. (Psychology Information Online, 2009) Atypical depression is different to major depression in the way that an individual will feel better temporarily when a positive life event occurs, whereas an individual suffering from major depression will nearly always feel low. This type of depression can last for a couple of months or can be with an individual for their entire life. (Depression About.com, 2009) Bipolar disorder, or manic depressive disorder, is an emotional disorder in which an individual alternates between states of deep depression and extreme elation. (Bipolar About.com, 2009) It is characterised by sudden changes in mood, thoughts and behaviour and there is a high suicide rate seen in individuals who suffer from manic depression. The two extremes of depression are where the individual feels very low and mania where the individual feels very high. (NHS, 2009) Postpartum depression affects woman, almost always, immediately after childbirth. It is thought that postpartum depression is triggered by the hormonal changes that follow childbirth. Some woman have severe and long lasting symptoms that require treatment, others can generally beat the baby blues with good self-care and support from friends and family. (Depression About.com, 2009) There are other less serious forms of depression for example, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD) and seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Symptoms There are many different symptoms of depression and these symptoms can include physical, psychological and social symptoms. These symptoms can vary from one individual to another and also depend on the severity of the depression. Depression causes changes in thinking, feeling, behaviour and physical well-being, for example it can cause the individual to lose interest in activities that they previously enjoyed. The physical symptoms can include: slowed speech and movement; a change in weight and appetite; constipation; lack of energy; changes to the menstrual cycle and disturbed sleeping patterns. (NHS, 2009) The psychological symptoms of depression can include: a feeling of hopelessness and helplessness; a low self esteem; tearfulness; feelings of guilt; feeling irritable and intolerant of others; lack of motivation; lack of enjoyment; feeling anxious or worried; reduced sexual drive; suicidal thoughts or thoughts of harming others. (NHS, 2009) The social symptoms can include: a reduced interest in hobbies; difficulties in home and family life; fewer social activities; and isolation. (NHS, 2009) Diagnosis Depression is a very common condition and can affect anyone of any age, including children. When an individual is suspected of suffering from depression, they should immediately seek advice from their GP. Depression cannot be diagnosed by a blood test or any kind of physical investigation: it is diagnosed by the presence of characteristic symptoms. The characteristic symptoms are listed in a publication called the DSM-IV. The GP will make the initial diagnosis and if the individual is showing some or all of these characteristics, the GP will usually provide treatment or will refer the individual to another suitable professional. PROFILE OF INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY AND SOCIAL NETWORKS Marys father was an alcoholic who was verbally and physically abusive, he suffered from the Casanova complex and therefore had 23 children with nine different women, and was married five times. When Mary was born her father was not married to her mother, but was still married to another woman. Marys parents eventually married but got divorced when Mary was six and because of this divorce, Marys mother became a divorcee with illegitimate children. Subsequently Marys mother became an outcast in the small town they lived in, so she moved Mary and her siblings to London. Due to all the strains and stresses of her life, Marys mother became very angry and became extremely violent towards her children (DLCentre, 2008). Mary was the oldest child in her extremely dysfunctional family and when she was just 17 she moved out, taking her brothers and sisters with her, and subsequently took on a more parental role and became their main source of support (DLCentre, 2008). Mary feared being abandoned, therefore suffered anxiety in marriage and family commitments, this could possibly have been due to her parents divorce and from not receiving any positive reinforcement. Mary eventually married a dentist who had promised to stay with her forever and she devoted herself to her family and two daughters. She did not make friends easily and therefore had very few close personal friends, but she had one close friend with whom she confided everything to except anything about her past. Mary suffered with suicidal feelings, resentment towards her mother, anger and frustration with her oldest daughter and poor communication with her husband (DLCentre, 2008). These are all common effects of a person who suffered from a dysfunctional family as a child. Conflict, misbehaviour and abuse are common occurrences within a dysfunctional family. Dysfunctional families are mainly caused by adults who are affected by alcoholism, substance abuse, or any other addictions, untreated mental illnesses or personality disorders, or possibly even as a result of the parents acting out on their own dysfunctional family experiences and copying their parents. Many children from dysfunctional families are often unaware of their situation and believe that what they experience on a day to day basis in completely normal. Children from dysfunctional families often take on different roles, which include: the good child; problem child; caretaker; lost child; mascot and mastermind (Wikipedia, 2009). Mary became aware that something was not right in her family life, which was evidenced by her moving out and taking on the role of the good child by moving her siblings in with her, and thus becoming their main source of support. Other effects children suffer by living in a dysfunctional family include: moderate to severe mental health issues; distrust of others; paranoia; difficulty forming healthy relationships with others; feeling angry, anxious, depressed unlovable and having mixed feelings of love-hate towards certain family members (Wikipedia, 2009). Looking at her symptoms, Mary suffers from these effects and is therefore a victim of a dysfunctional family. The abuse Mary suffered from both her parents could have led Mary to her depression. OUTLINE THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF THE CONDITION Prior to seeing her GP, Marys condition was so severe that she had no interest in anything. Her physical symptoms included low energy, shaking and trembling, heart palpitations, menstrual problems, poor sleep patterns and constipation. At the onset of therapy, Mary started to show suicidal feelings, resentment towards her mother, anger and frustration towards her daughter and poor communication with her husband (DLCentre, 2008). From these symptoms, it could be concluded that Mary is suffering from major depressive disorder (Psychnet-UK, 2009). There are many factors that have possibly led Mary to her depression. Her father was verbally and physically abusive and her mother became violent and angry towards Mary and her siblings. Mary had a strong fear of being abandoned and this could possibly have been due to her parents divorce and from not receiving any positive reinforcement. Major depression is the most common and most severe form of depression. It is manifested by a combination of symptoms that interfere with the individuals ability to eat, sleep, work and study. Usually the individual will lose interest in once pleasurable activities and also has a feeling of hopelessness (Psychnet-UK, 2009). Major depression can be triggered from a single traumatic event in an individuals life, or may develop slowly as a consequence of numerous personal disappointments and life problems. Some people appear to develop the symptoms of a major depression without any obvious life crisis causing it. Some individuals only have a single depressive episode, while others have recurring episodes. (Psychology Information Online, 2009) It could also be caused by an inherited gene passed onto children from their parents (Psychnet-UK, 2009). SOCIALISATION AND ROLE THEORY Counselling or therapy is where the patient would involve in a discussion with a therapist to uncover unconscious conflicts and abnormalities. This method allows the individual to discover what is causing the abnormal behaviour and to help the individual to think about their problems in order to find new ways of dealing with them. The patient is then able to consciously deal with the issues and resolve them, enabling them to be able to handle current life situations better too. (Psychology Information Online, 2009) In order to be able to do this a good rapport needs to be built. The therapist can offer a safe relationship for building trust and help Mary to re-establish a certain sense of security. Communication skills are paramount in building a trusting relationship with the therapist and when Mary feels safe and secure with the relationship she has with the therapist then the wider network of family can be brought in. The aim is to try and build a social network of support and to engage more fully with life, within the family and independently. Friends and family are an important part of building a trusting relationship. HOW COULD MARY BE TREATED? In order to make an initial diagnosis, the GP will first need to know the individuals background and family history, mainly to see if there is a history of depression within the family. If there is, then depression is more likely to occur however, it is also possible for individuals with no family history to develop depression. A cognitive approach could be taken and this deals with the way a person thinks. It involves talking with a therapist in order to discover the beliefs and expectations that cause their unhappiness. This form of treatment involves cognitive reconstructing, which is where the patients are encouraged and taught to replace negative thoughts with rational, positive ones giving them a more adaptive thinking pattern. It involves the individual keeping a diary of their thoughts and feelings, this information would then be passed on to the therapist who would analyse it and find out how the thoughts could be turned around. The therapist will do this by setting the patient reasonable goals so that they can introduce realistic and rational beliefs into their thought pattern (Psychology Information Online, 2009). Therefore it can be concluded that the change in Marys personality is due to the way she sees the situation. Mary has been more susceptible to depression because of her past experience s of violence, negative reinforcement and her feelings of abandonment. Aaron Beck (1985, cited in Gross, 2005) stated that psychological problems can be overcome if the misconceptions are corrected using introspection, insight, reality testing and learning. Drug therapy is the use of tranquillisers, antidepressants and other drugs. They help lessen the symptoms, but are not a successful treatment for everyone. This form of therapy would not be beneficial to Mary on its own, mainly because it hasnt been successful before, but could prove to be most beneficial when combined with cognitive therapy (Psychology Information Online, 2009). Electro-convulsive therapy is where a high current is passed through the patients brain for 0.5 seconds whilst the patient is under anaesthetics and this procedure induces a convulsion that lasts for about one minute. This therapy is used mainly to treat severe depression and is a short term treatment which lasts for up to one year. ECT offers fast relief and can cause memory loss (Cardwell, Flanagan, 2003). Mary may benefit from this treatment as a quick relief to her symptoms, as this may stop the feelings of being suicidal, however this treatment may not help with the resentment towards her mother, anger and frustration towards her daughter and poor communication with her husband. The psychoanalytical theory is the classical model. Freud (1915) noted that depression is precipitated. It aims to analyse the persons feelings of loss and abandonment through the loss free association. The belief supported by this model is that psychological problems arise from the personality (psyche) rather than from physical causes (Cardwell Flanagan, 2003). This theory aims to analyse the persons feelings of loss and abandonment by talking about their past. This treatment method involves having the individual going back to an earlier age, which in Marys case would probably be her childhood in order to explore her feelings about the divorce and the violence. The therapist will then go on to help Mary to look at and re-evaluate the situations and to reconsider her past losses so as to gain a new perspective on them. Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) focuses on relationships with other people (Cardwell Flanagan, 2003). As Mary has had issues with her family in the past and is currently having problems with her family IPT would be an incredible advantage to Mary. All of these therapies would be good treatment for Mary, as they explore all of the areas of her life and will help her to deal with and come to terms with her past. If she is able to do this, she may be able to move on and may also be able to stop her children from experiencing the same things she experienced during her life and may even be able to prevent her children from suffering with depression. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERVENTIONS Depression can be treated in many different ways which include drug therapy, electro-convulsive therapy, psychosurgery and cognitive therapy. Drug therapy is the use of tranquillisers, antidepressants and other drugs. Tranquillisers are used to alleviate anxiety, or in stronger doses they can be used to treat psychotic disorders and antidepressants are used to treat depressive disorders. Drugs help lessen the symptoms and are not a successful treatment for everyone. Drug therapy can be a quick solution and can therefore prove to be economical however, there is a chance of addiction, allergic reaction or intolerance and side effects may be worse than the original symptoms. Alternative therapies are available for example, St Johns Wort, which is a herbal treatment and is effective in treating mild depression but it comes with its own disadvantages. It can cause serious problems if the individual is already taking medications such as anticonvulsants and anticoagulants, and can also reduce the effect of oral contraceptives. Electro-convulsive therapy is where a high current is passed through the patients brain for 0.5 seconds whilst the patient is under anaesthetics and this procedure induces a convulsion that lasts for about one minute. This therapy is used mainly to treat severe depression and is a short term treatment which lasts for up to one year. ECT offers faster relief than drugs which is important in suicidal patients and was a popular treatment prior to drug therapies, although drugs are safer. Treatment of ECT can cause memory loss, however ECT may work where other methods fail. (Cardwell, Flanagan, 2003 pp. 222-223) Psychosurgery is the most extreme form of therapy and is used as a last resort. It involves removing the section of dysfunctional brain tissue and the procedure is not reversible. It is believed that by removing the dysfunctional brain tissue the symptoms and problems will disappear and will not reoccur. The effects of psychosurgery are not consistent and there is also the ethical issue of informed consent. It is not a quick fix and therapists need effective training before performing the treatment. (Cardwell, Flanagan, 2003 pp. 222-223) Another type of treatment is cognitive therapy. It is derived from various sources including behaviour therapy and psychoanalysis, which define and operationalise cognition in different ways. It involves talking with a therapist in order to discover the beliefs and expectations that cause their unhappiness. The patients are encouraged and taught to replace negative thoughts with rational, positive ones giving them a more adaptive thinking pattern. The therapist will set the patient reasonable goals so that they can introduce realistic and rational beliefs into their though pattern. This form of therapy is a popular choice but it may be lengthy and costly. A combination of two treatments usually works better than just one treatment for example, combining drugs and cognitive therapy (Psychology Information Online, 2009). However, each therapy is different and so is each individual person and what works for one individual may not work for others, so it is difficult to make comparisons between different therapies. When the symptoms are extremely severe the individual may either admit themself or be admitted into hospital for a short time. This short time away helps the individual to get away from the daily stresses that have caused the depression. Some treatments are only available in a hospital setting for example, ECT (Cardwell, Flanagan, 2003). LIKELY PROGNOSIS FOR THE FUTURE An individual is likely to suffer from depression if there is a family history of it. A full recovery is possible with treatment but there is also a risk it could return for example, it could be triggered by a traumatic event in the future. If Mary is responding well to treatment she could resolve her differences with her family and will possibly start to see that her life is not worthless. Her physical state of health will drastically improve and the suicidal thoughts she has been feeling will begin to disappear. SUMMARY Depression is real and is a common condition which affects an individual in the way they feel, act and behave. There are symptoms for depression and different types of medications or therapies that can be used to treat the individual. Depression can take many forms from mild through to severe and not all sufferers present the same symptoms. It can be genetic and can also be triggered by certain traumatic life events. Each treatment is different and so is each individual, thus it is impossible to compare and recommend a specific model of therapy. The best way to treat depression is possibly to combine two different therapies. Mary has suffered many problems in her life, from violence and abuse to abandonment. A combination of the medical and cognitive therapies would help Mary. The generalisations about depression could include that one treatment/therapy would suit everyone, but that is not necessarily the case as each person has different problems. Not all models of care will work on everyone and some people may recover quicker than others. It is not possible to generalise depression as it is by far a more complex illness than people are aware of. BIBLIOGRAPHY About.com Bipolar Disorder (2009) Bipolar Disorder Manic Depressive Illness From Diagnosis to Medications [online] Available from: http://bipolar.about.com/ [Accessed 22 December 2009] About.com Depression (2009) About Depression Information and support for depression [online]. Available from: http://depression.about.com/ [Accessed 22 December 2009] Cardwell, M. Flanagan, C., (2003) Psychology A2: the complete companion. UK: Nelson Thornes Ltd Eysenck, M., (2001) Psychology for A2 level. UK: Psychology Press Ltd Gross, R., (2005) Psychology The Science of Mind and Behaviour. 5th ed. London: Hodder Education. NHS Choices (2009) Depression [online]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/depression/Pages/Introduction.aspx [Accessed 22 December 2009] NHS Choices (2009) Understanding Depression [online]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Pathways/depression/Pages/Landing.aspx?WT.srch=1 [Accessed 22 December 2009] Psychology Information Online (2009) Depression Information and Treatment [online]. Available from: http://www.psychologyinfo.com/depression/ [Accessed 22 December 2009] Psychnet-UK (2009) Major depressive Episode [online]. Available from: http://www.psychnet-uk.com/dsm_iv/major_depression.htm [Accessed 22 December 2009]